Explain what the digital divide is; in your answer discuss the Research Paper

Explain what the digital divide is; in your answer discuss the advantages and disadvantages of improving the digital divide - Research Paper Example What does it mean? How did it happen? Does it have any positive or negative effect on our society? What benefits can be had from promoting a digital divide? Should the digital divide be promoted within our society as something that should be supported or not supported? These are but a few of the questions that I am looking forward to answering within the next few pages. I would like to start off this paper by presenting the readers with a basic discussion of the digital divide and its meaning. While the economic divide pertains the method by which the people of the world are separated by the amount of money that they have, the digital divide separates people in terms of their existing or non-existing access to the internet and other forms of communication technology. According to experts, the digital divide exists as a barrier between the urban and rural areas (Rouse, 2005). Upon closer inspection, one will come to the realization that the digital divide, also known as the digital split, refers not only to the people who have easy access to the internet and those who dont, but also among those who have or dont have access to information and communications technology. The term digital divide was then coined, in the 1990s in order to help explain the complex scenario. Due to the globalized market that exists between countries, the presence of the internet and other forms of telecommunication that can help ease the transfer of business information has become one of the utmost important business tools in our era. However, not all countries have state of the art information and communication technology infrastructures in place so the digital divide has already gone beyond borders, thus creating what is now known as the Global Digital Divide. Therefore, the digital divide is not limited to the social or economic statues of people alone. It also includes the members of society who use almost obsolete computers on infantile internet

Strategic Management Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management Essay Introduction For a company to succeed in its businesses, strategic management must be its main agenda. Managing multinational companies can be a hectic job and can end up in disarray if not well structured. Strategic management is based on a company’s top brass of management. The top management of the company is always at the center of decision making process on behalf the real owners of the company. This set up is in charge of mobilizing resources and structuring the company to match the external business environments. Formulating policies, planning and setting of objectives is the management’s concerns. Strategic management also deals with the achievement of the company’s vision through fast tracking the mission, programs and projects. In strategic management, there is a deliberate effort by the management to strike a scorecard that is balanced through evaluating the general performance of the business and the steps toward the achievement of the business’ set objective. Strategy in any business or company is in line with the expectations of all the stake holders of the business and must be based on the stakeholders’ objectives. Most multinational companies that have managed to be main players in the global business market have history of effective strategic management measures and settings. Such companies include the Coca-Cola Company, the Toyota Company, and the Hyundai Company among other multinational companies. Strategic management is the backbone of a successful multinational company or global business. Witcher Chau (2010) Background study For any company or business to be competitive in the market, there must be a high level and a well coordinated strategy management which is the fundamental aspect of tactics and goal setting. Strategic management is always vital in offering the direction to the business and its ultimate success. In business administration, strategic management and strategic consistency between the business and its environment needs to be struck. In various companies, strategic management is always undertaken by a management team which is mostly comprised of a Board of Directors among other stakeholders. Amason (2010) Different companies employ different strategic management approaches in trying to stay competitive in the business environment. The management boards in different companies apply different processes of evaluation and controlling the businesses and the various industries that are involved with the company. This is the case in two leading automobile companies, the Toyota and Hyundai companies. In assessing their competitors’ strategies, the two companies use various strategy management processes. Despite executing different strategic management forms, both companies consider basic factors in strategically managing their businesses. Such include the size of the organization and the need to adapt to the changes of the business environment. In order to achieve the objectives of any company, there are various aspects and concepts that need to be explored. A strategic management which is more structured may be employed in consideration to the size of the company, operations, requirements and the views of the stakeholders. Strategic management plays a very important role in shaping the way a business is run or the success and achievements of a company. Nevertheless, strategic management is always tied to the goals, vision, mission and the objectives of the company. In managing a company, the management board or team do work towards the views and expectations of the owners of the company or business. Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson (2009) Toyota Motor Corporation The Toyota Motor Corporation is based at Toyota at Aichi in Japan. The multinational company is an automaker with a large employee base of over 400000 employees with the largest manufacturing capacity of automobiles and specifically the famous vehicle brand ‘Toyota’. It terms of world revenue, the Toyota Company sits at the eleventh position and had manufactured an estimated 200 million vehicles in July 2012. Founded in 1937 as a family company by Kiichiro Toyoda, the company has been keen to strategically manage its businesses. The Toyota Company has had a choice of leadership that has embraced the benchmark of quality, perfect practices and corporate responsibility in the wake of stiff competition and technological advancement in the global market. Borowski (2010). The strategies of the company have been deeply rooted in principles that have continued to improve the respect for people, their strategy framework as been gearing towards waste cutting, positive attitude building and maximum utilization of the inherent talents of the workers. The Toyota Company has managed to create an impression of social responsibility in the global market. The company has exploited a number of strategies with a view of being the best company in terms of product quality and service provision vis-a-vis matching growing customers’ needs and technological advancement. The management board of the Toyota Company has been vigil to clinch any opportunity in developing and growing the company’s worth, a strategy that has gone a notch higher to see the company explore options of developing hybrid cars among other market strategies. The underlying strategy of the Toyota Company is rooted in rewarding merit and identifying faults in an attempt to perfect the product and service delivery. Through this basic strategy, the Toyota Company has managed to propel its influence and achieve an extensive customer base. Magee (2008). Strategy and management The success of the Toyota Company is attributed to its strategic management formula that has made them to remain competitive in the automobile market while maintaining the quality and efficiency of their products. The philosophy of management at Toyota Company has continued to evolve over a long period of time. This management philosophy has been built on the original value of the company which was centered on ‘Lean manufacturing and the concept of production in time. These two concepts have been vital in the development and growth of the company. The Toyota Company strives to produce designs of cars that are exclusively ideal and perfect. In its lean manufacturing policy, the company aims at achieving a customer ideal production which will eventually cumulate to customer satisfaction. In this quest, the Toyota Company has been producing different models of cars in order to meet the demands, taste and different preferences of its customers. Hino (2006). This has enabled the company to remain competitive and to have a wider market area. The business strategies and managerial values have been collectively convened into a single structure referred to as the ‘Toyota Way’. a. The ‘Toyota Way† The ‘Toyota Way’ was one of the strategies that the Toyota Company adopted in order to help them stay ahead in the automobile industry. It is a set of values guidelines of conducts that all the employees at Toyota are expected to embrace. The strategy had two main pillars; Continuous improvement and Respect for People. Liker Jeffrey (2011). All the conduct guidelines and values of the Toyota Company are summarized into major principles of embracing challenge, striving to improve their services and products, respect to customers, teamwork and a ‘go and see’ slogan. This is a strategy that the company has employed to ensure that the employees not deviate from the main objectives of the company thus enhancing success in business thus working as a driving force towards an achievement. Liker (2003). The strategy has also aided the formation of identity and has kept the spirit of quality and service which has helped the company to be outstanding among other automobile manufacturers. Alongside the Toyota Way are four other components that complement the strategy. These components include management decisions that are based on long term deliberations and a comprehensive problem solving process. Further, the aspect of focusing on the development of the people has added a lot of value to the organization. Consequently, the Toyota Company has embraced the art of organizational learning through solving the root problems continuously in the organization. Ono (1988) b. Worldwide establishment The Toyota Company has used a world presence strategy that has made them be a common household name in terms of automobile development. Through intensive marketing and strategic management, the company has expanded tremendously thus establishing factories in a majority areas in the world that deal with assembling and manufacturing of different types of vehicles. The Company has set branch factories in countries like South Africa, Turkey, Japan, India, The United States of America, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom, and Columbia and has recently established factories in Thailand, Mexico, Malaysia, Argentina, Pakistan, Vietnam, Russia, Egypt and Mexico. In this manner, the company has been able to meet the rising demand for automobiles and have provides a large variety of automobiles thus giving the customers the large variety to choose from. This is a strategy that has ensured that the products of Toyota Company are accessed by most people around the globe. The strategy of worldwide establishment does make a company to be widely known and become easier to be identified with. c. Electric technology Strategic management is all about exploring the possible options that can assist a company to be elevated above its competitors. This means that every implemented strategy needs to be suitable to effectively achieve the mission, feasible to ensure that it is applicable and that the strategy is accepted by the stakeholders. The management team at Toyota Company has explored the application of electric technology which is feasible, acceptable and suitable. In this respect, the Toyota Company has gone a long way in releasing hybrid electric vehicles into the automobile market. It has been the first company to introduce and sell hybrid electric vehicles, thus shaping the face of the automobile industry. In 1997, the company introduced the Toyota Prius and started producing vehicles that were smaller but maintaining the luxurious touch. Such cars like Lexus and Camry were received into the automobile industry with excitement, a sign of an effective strategic management implementation. Anderson Judy Anderson (2010). In 2012 October, the Toyota Prius became the hybrid car that was best sold in the whole world and this earned the Toyota Company about 2. 8 million units. This high sale was replicated in most parts of the world. Later in 2012 October, the company was the first to manufacture a passenger car that was hybrid and a motor vehicle hybrid that was one plug in model. This model was availed to around 80 regions and countries worldwide. The company has an aim of achieving the launch of a 20 hybrid vehicles models at the end the year 2015. Hyundai Motor Company. The Hyundai Motor Company has been a main player in the motor industry just like the Toyota Company. It is a multinational automotive company with it’s headquartering in South Korea in Seoul. Founded in 1967, Hyundai is ranked the forth in terms of automobile manufacturing having sold about 3. 6 million vehicles in the year 2010. Hyundai is the largest automobile company that is integrated with an employee base of around 75000 people working in the factories worldwide. Hyundai Company has applied strategic management in its success story. The company has set up 6 development and research centers across the world. The company has also an established center in California for designing automobiles specifically for the markets in the United States of America. Hyundai Company has applied various forms of strategy to remain equally competitive. The Hyundai Company has been able to establish a system of quality management which has gone forth to help the company achieve the status of a major player in automobile industries and machineries globally. In this sense, the company has realized a top class service provider status. Lansbury, Chung , Sok Suh, Kwon Ho Kwon (2007) a. Product development. Hyundai has strived to improve the quality levels of their products through application of unique procedures. The company has applied pilot production vis-a-vis researching by center engineers in an aim to meet the desired levels of production. The pilot production is a strategy that Hyundai Company used to avoid problems during the production of automobiles in mass. Through the large pilot plants, Hyundai Company is able to ensure there is quality in the production of its models. The company is also striving towards achieving a perfect product quality in order to be at the helm of profit making. Henry (2008) b. Outsourcing Outsourcing has been part of Hyundai’s strategy to maintain the quality of products they offer. This is a strategy that amalgamates various parts manufacturers who manufacture specific automobile parts before the parts are assembled by Hyundai to form complete automobiles. This strategy contravenes the Toyota policy whereby the manufacturing of the automobiles is done wholesomely by the company. The Hyundai Company outsources companies which make parts. The outsourced parts are sub-assembled into some modules which are further assembled into final automobiles. This strategic management aspect has made the Hyundai Motors Company to save a lot in terms of profits. Through outsourcing, the company has been able to shift its concentration more on marketing and product development and not to worry about the production of parts. This aspect of the Hyundai production model has been advantageous to the company as it accumulates more resources and channels them towards marketing and improving on its products. c. Advanced philosophy and Quality innovations strategies The achievements made by the Hyundai Motors have been as a result of quality innovations. The company, through strategic management organs, has weathered the challenges of hostile and competitive business environment through application of innovation. There has been an increase in customer satisfaction which has proved that the Hyundai Company has the ability to marshal massive shares in the market. As a result of aggressive and intensive innovations, Hyundai has come up with vehicles which meet the customers’ demands, wishes and comfort. This has been in line with the achievement of the company’s objective of meeting customer satisfaction and bringing ultimate elegance, enjoyment and creating confidence in its customers. The style and luxury that is aimed at by the Hyundai Company is thereby achieved. This strategy has ensured that Hyundai Company stands out in terms of class and design, making its products popular among people worldwide. Despite the growing fierce competition in the automobiles industry, Hyundai Company has managed to stay at the top in terms of quality and market base as a result of its management philosophy which is advanced. Its strategy has ensured that there is a clear cut for the future of the Company not leaving the customers behind. Hyundai’s philosophy has seen an increased favor among the customers due to its striving to make products of good quality and its main goal of laying emphasis on the satisfaction and efficiency of its products to the customers. Hyundai has continued to be a global brand name in automobiles. This has been boosted by the fact that the company has been creating an impression of fairness and transparency in terms of the acceptable and expected business ethics. d. Expansion of production Hyundai Company has employed the strategy of market expansion as a way to ensure it achieves its main objectives. It has increased the shares of its export in the market internationally and domestically. During the economic recession in the year 2009, Hyundai still managed to export 1. 3 million vehicles amidst a production capacity of 1. 6 million units. This strategy ensured that the company stayed at the top of automobile manufacturing and assembly industries when other players were diversely affected by the recession. Its marketing strategy and management strategy strength is further exhibited in the company’s success in increasing its market shares in the United States of America. This has gone a long way in improving on the quality of the company’s products. Hyundai has also extended its competitiveness in engaging in overseas businesses since the late 1990s. It has established its products in Alabama, Montgomery among other areas. In North America, Hyundai’s plant was ranked second in the level of productivity. e. Electric vehicles Just like the Toyota Company, the Hyundai Motor Company has embraced the use of electricity in the manufacture of vehicles. The company has introduced a hybrid electric automobile to match the increasing technological advancement. In 2008 November, the company introduced the first electric car which was facilitated by the technology of lithium polymer battery. In applying the electricity technology, Hyundai Company aimed at achieving sophistication, style and class in order to remain as competitive as possible. Chris, Masrur, Gao (2011). The strategy of applying electricity technology has ensured that the company has been at par with the other automobile producers to ensure that it does not lose its grip on the top spot in the global business. Society of Automotive Engineers (2000). Conclusion. Strategic management has been the center of interest for both the Toyota and Hyundai automobiles companies. Both have gone out of their way to establish global markets and have embraced the use of electricity in automobile development. Toyota Company manufactures its own vehicles from scratch while the Hyundai Company opts to outsource for parts manufacturers in order to reduce the costs incurred. The role of strategic management is evident in the two automobiles companies as both do have a team or a board of managers that is always tasked with the responsibility of formulating policies to help the company grow to transcendent heights. The board reviewing possible strategies in the companies does work towards actualizing the aims and objectives of the companies. The owners’ wishes can never be ignored in the strategic management process. References Allen C. Amason (2010). Strategic Management: From Theory to Practice. NY: Taylor Francis. Anthony Henry (2008). Understanding Strategic Management. NY. Oxford University Press. Arkadi Borowski (2010). Report on the Toyota Company. UK: GRIN Verlag. Barry J. Witcher, Vinh Sum Chau (2010). Strategic Management: Principles and Practice. UK: Cengage Learning EMEA. Chris Mi, M. Abul Masrur, David Wenzhong Gao (2011). Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications with Practical Perspectives. UK: John Wiley and Sons. Curtis Darrel Anderson, Judy Anderson (2010). Electric and Hybrid Cars: A History. UK: McFarland. David Magee (2008). How Toyota Became #1: Leadership Lessons from the Worlds Greatest Car Company. UK: Penguin Group. Jeffrey Liker (2003). The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the Worlds Greatest Manufacturer. McGraw Hill Professional. Liker, Jeffrey (2011). The Toyota Way: Management Principles and Field book (eBook). NY: McGraw-Hill Professional. Michael A. Hitt, R. Duane Ireland, Robert E. Hoskisson (2009). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization: Cases. Canada: Cengage Learning. Russell D. Lansbury, Chung-sok So, Chung-Sok Suh, Sung-ho Kwon, Seung-Ho Kwon (2007). The Global Korean Motor Industry: The Hyundai Motor Companys Global Strategy. Seoul. Taylor Francis Satoshi Hino. (2006). Inside the Mind of Toyota: Management Principles for Enduring Growth. Productivity Press. Society of Automotive Engineers (2000). Hybrid electric vehicles. Society of Automotive Engineers. Nov 1. Taiichi Ono (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. Tokyo: Productivity Press.

American Dreams Come True Every Day! Essays -- Essays on the American D

â€Å"Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are the famous words every American hears throughout their lifetime. These words are part of America’s history through the Declaration of Independence, America is the only country where the â€Å"pursuit of happiness† is actually guaranteed in writing. What exactly are the â€Å"pursuit of happiness,† and the â€Å"American Dream?† As defined by most writers, such as Hemmingway, it’s becoming rich young and having the opportunity and will to do what you please with your wealth. To many foreigners, such as my father, the â€Å"American Dream† is just to escape poverty and retain a better life. Maybe, the â€Å"American Way† is philanthropy, making billions of dollars and giving some of it back to those who really need it. The â€Å"American Dream† is different to all people but always involves one common factor, the almighty â€Å"buck.† Current times call fo r new techniques in gaining the â€Å"American Dream.† The possibilities are endless through the World Wide Web, and the booming economy make it possible for anyone to make a good living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry B. Plant is featured in the article â€Å"Florida’s hidden treasures: Museums, cultural parks† written by Copley News Service in the Washington Post for talking about his dreams. Plant had the goal of turning the Florida wilderness in to a â€Å"shining utopia.† His dreams came true, Plant created a historic museum in the Pinellas Suncoast. He’s able to provide historical information to the public whil...

Veronica Guerin-the One Who Stood Up

Veronica Guerin-The one who stood up Veronica Guerin (5 July 1958 – 26 June 1996) was an Irish journalist who was murdered on the 26th June 1996, on the Naas Road, Dublin, as a result of her work as a crime journalist specialising in the drug world of Dublin. Guerin was born and brought up in Artane where she lived with her four siblings and her parents, Christopher and Bernadette. She acquired the nickname â€Å"Ronnie† during her childhood and she received her education in the Catholic schools of Dublin's north side. She became an accomplished athlete in camogie, soccer and basketball.Soccer, in fact, remained a lifelong passion of Guerin's; she was a fanatic supporter of England's Manchester United professional soccer team. One of her most prised possessions was a picture of her and the famous United player Eric Cantona, which was taken on a trip to Old Trafford. Guerin married Graham Turley who she had a son Cathal with. She studied accountancy at Trinity College Du blin and on her graduation she was hired by her father at his company. After her father passed away three years after her appointment at the company she left and started a new career in public relations.She started a new firm in 1983 which was run by her for seven years. After leaving the firm she took up journalism, first as a business writer for Dublin's Sunday Business Post and then as a news reporter for the city's Sunday Tribune. Then in 1994, Guerin became an investigative reporter for the Sunday Independent, the largest-circulation weekend newspaper in Ireland. This move signalled not only Guerin’s subsequent rise to somewhat fame in Ireland but also led to the sequence of events that ended in her eventually been murdered.Her murder along with detective Jerry Mc Cabe’s murder three weeks earlier sparked the Irish government and the Irish people into life on tackling the war on drugs head on and without fear. For years she had mounted a high-profile war against I reland's drug barons on the pages of the Sunday Independent. Guerin tackled, without fear and without regard for her own safety, the drug kings of Dublin. The work she was involved in was obviously extremely dangerous and her life was put in danger on a number of occasions In October 1994, Guerin was subjected to her first incident of violence to stem from one of her stories.Two bullets where shot through her house window as she was playing with her son at home. This incident came a month after she had written a newspaper article on the drug baron â€Å"the general† after he was shot dead in his car. The second major incident to arise out of her news reporting was a very serious and life treating one, in January 1995, a masked gunman burst into her home when she answered the door and pointed a handgun at her head but lowered it and shot her in the thigh. Guerin suspected that the gunman was hired to â€Å"hit† her because of an article that she had written about the th eft of ? . 4 million from a supposedly secure depot near Dublin airport. This was the largest cash robbery in Irish history. (Encyclopedia. com) When Guerin was released from hospital after been shot she went along with her husband to every crime boss in Dublin she knew and handed them a letter letting them know that she was unafraid and unwilling to give up the fight on drugs. It was a statement of intent. A security system was installed at her home after the attack and the guards gave her 24 hour escort.They accompanied her where ever she went but Guerin, after a few days, stopped the guards accompanying her, as she felt it hindered her work as she was unable to talk to people and get the information she needed for her articles. (Film: Veronica Guerin) Then in September 1995, Guerin paid a visit to a horse farm owned by the notorious John Gilligan, a known leading player in Dublin’s underworld. She confronted him about how he had amassed such a fortune and good lifestyle wi thout been able to show where he had obtained all the money from.He reacted in a brutal, cowardly and savage way to these allegations by tearing open her shirt while looking for a wire and beating her senseless. Sometime after Gilligan phoned her and threatened her and her son Cathal. He told her he would kill her and harm Cathal if his name was ever mentioned in any news article that she wrote. (Freemedia. com) Guerin was never scared or would never let the drug baron’s sees that she was scared. She insisted that she would not be intimidated by any of them but friends of Guerin did admit after her death that she was fearful of Gilligan for the fact that he had threatened to harm her son.She didn’t let this phase her and she continued her tireless and fearful work and she continued to try and get closer to these drug kingpins. As she once said â€Å"they would find it harder to kill someone they knew†. That statement I feel summarised how she basically felt abou t reporting on such a dangerous topic she knew the danger not only to her life but also to her families lives but she knew she had some sort of protection in the fact that she knew the people she was mostly reporting on and her statement is entirely true they would find it harder to kill someone they knew.In December 1995, Guerin received the International Press Freedom Award from the Committee to Protect Journalists. On June 26, 1996, Guerin was in court in Dublin on a road traffic offence she travelled onto the Naas road and stopped at a set of traffic lights when the court was finished. She was alone in her car when she stopped at the traffic lights and made a call to friend and college, Chris Mulligan, on her phone having previously rung her mother to let her know she had been let off with the traffic offence in court. Then two men pulled up along the right hand side of the car and one of them opened fire.Guerin was shot five times in the neck and chest, killing her instantly. T he men then took off at speed before anyone could react. Her funeral, near Dublin airport was full with mourners, that included Ireland's president, and head of the armed forces; while thousands of others watched the service on television. On July 4, there was a moment of silence in her memory, people everywhere across the country stood quietly and bowed their heads in tribute. People just wanting to pay their respects gathered in front of the offices of the Sunday Independent to leave flowers and sign a condolence book. Encyclopedia. com) As soon as Guerin had been shot dead the guards launched an investigation into her murder. There was no doubt in anyone’s mind that she had been the victim of a â€Å"hit† ordered either by someone she had already written about in her articles or someone she had planned to report on in the near future. It was unsure at the time weather her culprits would be brought to justice as the guards knew it would be a long and pain staking inv estigation. However in October 1996, a man by the name of Paul Ward was charged with the conspiracy to murder Veronica Guerin.He was the first person arrested and charged over the murder but the guards were hopeful he wouldn’t be the last. Most people including the guards believed that Gilligan was behind the â€Å"hit† although this proved very hard to prove. Gilligan left Ireland for Amsterdam the day before Guerin was murdered. Sometime after, Gilligan was caught with half a million in cash trying to board a flight he was unable to explain where the cash had legitimately come from. He claimed he won the vast amount of money gambling but was arrested on charges of trying to launder profits from selling illegal drugs. Encyclopedia. com) Since she was murdered, a number of things have happened that showed she did not die in vain and die for no reason. Since her death journalists who report on dangerous topics have been given better protection. Also after she was murder ed the Irish government held a special meeting to come up with and discuss a way which they would be able to create anti-crime legislation in order to put a huge crack down on drug crime and also to make it easier for the guards to create and implement cases against crime bosses.These new measures forced many of Dublin’s crime bosses to flee the country before the guards had the chance or opportunity to arrest them. Veronica Guerin not only changed the level of drugs on Dublin’s streets, she changed how people reacted to drugs on their streets residents in some of Dublin’s poorest areas demanded change and set up groups that marched the streets and kicked the drug dealers out. After her death the drug crime rate in Ireland fell by 50% the following year. (Freemedia. om) As a result of her murder the government established the Proceeds of Crime Act 1996 and the Criminal Assets Bureau Act 1996, so that assets purchased with money obtained through crime could be se ized by them. This led to the formation of the Criminal Assets Bureau (CAB). Veronica’s murder was seen as an outrage and as then Taoiseach, John Bruton, described it, â€Å"it was an attack on democracy†. (Encyclopedia. com) Charles Bowden, a member of Gilligan’s gang, was arrested along with the other members of the gang that where still in the country following the murder.In an agreement with the Attorney General of Ireland, he agreed to turn state's witness. In doing this he became the first person in history to enter the Republic of Ireland's witness protection programme. A programme that is now very prominent in the Irish legal system. (Encyclopedia. com) Her life and death signalled change in many institutions in Ireland mainly Social and Political. From a social point of view obviously the effect the fall in drug taking and drug crime would of having would have been very positive.A fall of 50% in drug related crime the year after her death symbolised jus t how much of an impact her death had on Dublin’s drug run underworld. Her actions obviously had a symbolic effect on drug users. From a political point of view this is the institution that Guerin’s life and death had the biggest impact on. Her actions as a journalist ultimately led the Irish government to change the Irish constitution they introduced two new acts which led to the formation of CAB. This was a historic moment in Irish history a moment that has played a major role in the way criminals are treated in this country.The fact that one woman’s life could change the Irish constitution through her actions is undoubtedly remarkable it’s just a shame it took her murder to spark the government into action. Her death obviously had a huge effect on a lot of people most notably her husband and son. She was admired by a lot of people for her tireless work on bringing the drugs problem in Dublin onto a national level. A piece from an article written by her work college, Kelly Fincham, summarises her mindset on the problem of drugs in Dublin. Like all mothers, she worried about her child’s future but she also worried that her son would grow up in a crime-infested city as the authorities appeared to be ignoring the drug epidemic. Unlike many people in journalism and indeed Dublin, Veronica felt it was a foolish choice to avoid the problem by isolating yourself from it†. (Irishabroad. com) Guerin’s actions and fearless reporting changed the view on drugs in Ireland forever. Her murder signalled a social change that will forever be prominent in our country.With the establishment of the above acts not only was the criminal justice system changed in this country but the Irish constitution was also changed. Guerin wanted to change people’s lives through her reporting. She had met with young drug addicts and it’s for this reason that she strived to expose the main drug dealers in Dublin. She saw that these à ¢â‚¬Å"drug addicts† didn’t have to live the life they where currently living and that they could change themselves along with other things. Everyone in the Republic of Ireland remembers where they were when they heard Veronica Guerin had been murdered on the Naas Road. Film: Veronica Guerin) Referencing Film: Veronica Guerin. (2003). Directed by Joel Schumacher. Dublin Ireland, (DVD). Website: Encyclopedia. com. (2004) Veronica Guerin. Available at http://www. encyclopedia. com/doc/1G2-3404707176. html Accessed on 5/12/2011 Freemedia. com (2000) Veronica Guerin Ireland, World Press Freedom hero. Available at http://www. freemedia. at/awards/veronica-guerin/ Accessed on 11/12/2011 Irishabroad. com (2009) Remembering the real Veronica Guerin. Available at http://www. irishabroad. com/news/irishinamerica/news/guerin. asp Accessed on 11/12/2011

Do Schools Kill Creativity Essay

When we were children growing up our imaginations run wild. As we would play on the playground, building friendships, and solve problems that show us things in a different way. Even though everybody talents are pushed away others believe that the public education system is wrong. I was told to summarize the video on â€Å"Do Schools Kill Creativity† by Sir Ken Robinson. As he talks in the video I do agree with some of the ideas. In the video â€Å"Do Schools Kill Creativity† by Sir Ken Robinson, he mentions how the public education system are crushing the children’s talents. He also mentions how classes are being cut such as drama and music. Due to those classes, are not that important, such as your typical math and English classes. Having creativity in are education system helps are children become who they are as an adult. I agree that math and English classes are more important, but I don’t agree we should just cut everything else out. Are children need to be able to express themselves in other activities. Not all children are the best in school, but giving them the other activities will help them let steam off, keep them active and enjoy going to school. Not all talents are being famous in something, but people are talented in their major subjects such as English, math, history, etc. As Robinson states in the video that a simple college degree is not worth much anymore. Jobs are wanting future and current employees to go back to a university to get a higher degree; such as university philosophers. Jobs are wanting to see how far employees will go into school. Before the 1900’s we barely had an education system, but our whole system has been dictating since the system has adapted. Our education is unpredictable on what to  expect. I agree that our education is not worth as much like it used to be when, it had just begun. Having more education is pushing us to reach a higher goal. It may take longer, but its helping us to become a better person for the future. It also prepared us for what is to come. Things are changing more and more every month it never stays the same. Look at this example: Pluto use to be a planet now Pluto is just nearly a star. How do you explain this? In the talk â€Å"Do Schools Kill Creativity† Robinson says â€Å"if your never wrong you will never come up with anything original, if your not prepared to be wrong.† (Robinson, 2007) Our kids now are even more exquisite then when we were kids, we use to tell our kids not to draw and to go to school to learn. Now we are telling them to push harder to achieve their goals and get an education. I do agree our kids are being pushed harder, but its showing how creative they can be. In the end this is going to help them become something. Telling kids that you’re going to take out drama and music, is only going to make them stop trying. Our kids should be pushed more now than ever with the harder curriculum in the public schools. Also letting the kids have more creativity in certain classes like drama and music, which may be where the children show most of their creativity and talents. These kids have so much competition for what their learning and making of themselves. As Sir Ken Robinson has made a lot of great points on creativity, education, and children talents, our education level is higher than it has ever been. I do believe our education is more important when dealing with core classes such as math and English, but you shouldn’t punish the kids and take out their time to be creative and show their talent. So what if these kids are pushed a little harder in the education system they may see who they will become in the future. Are education system is dictating the knowledge of the students and are wrong for taking the creative classes out of the schools. References Robinson Sir, Ken: Do Schools Kill Creativity (Jan. 6, 2007) Retrieved: July 15, 2014 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9CE55wbtY

Book Review essays

Book Review essays 1. Name of Book/ Short Story: I Heard The Owl Call My Name 3. A List of 5 Books Written by the same Author: 4. Interesting Facts about the Author Her first book I Heard The Owl Call My Name was written when she was sixty-nine years old. She was born in 1901... and died in 1980. 5.1 Name the main Character/s in the Story. 5.3 Write a paragraph of 20-25 lines on the Main Character Mark is an American vicar... with a terminal illness. He is sent to an island, by a Bishop to find his inner self... and as time passes on the island, he becomes more attached to the people and the actual island. He adapts some of the cultures of the Kwakiutl villagers as his own. When he is told that his work is done... he becomes scared and confused, and would rather stay on the island. He hears the owl call his name, which is a legend, believed by the Kwakiutl villagers, that says that your time of death is soon... meaning that he would soon die. Mark is a kind, helpful and outgoing man... and tries to help the Kwakiutl villagers by teaching them his American culture. They soon adapt to some of the ways, which they find useful to themselves. He was always there when someone needed help or advise... and was always willing to try and solve his or her problems. He is very friendly and soon makes many new friends on the island in the village... even with the old arrogant elders who at first didnt agree with Marks ways... and wanted to keep to the old ways. As time passed he earned more respect from the elders... and they even considered him as one of their own. When he died the village actually mourned his death... and he was always remembered as the man who introduced modern ways. 5.4 Write a paragraph of 20-25 lines on the Character who impressed The character who impressed me the most was definitely Mark!! Just the way that he decided to turn more towards God and start teaching his culture was a rea ...

Free Essays on Dolley Madison

By this time Philadelphia had become the capital city. With her charm and her laughing blue eyes, fair skin, and black curls, the young widow attracted distinguished attention. Before long Dolley was reporting to her best friend that "the great little Madison has asked...to see me this evening." Although Representative James Madison of Virginia was 17 years her senior, and Episcopalian in background, they were married in September 1794. The marriage, though childless, was notably happy; "our hearts understand each other," she assured him. He could even be patient with Dolley's son, Payne, who mishandled his own affairsand, eventually, mismanaged Madison's estate. Discarding the somber Quaker dress after her second marriage, Dolley chose the finest of fashions. Margaret Bayard Smith, chronicler of early Washington social life, wrote: "She looked a Queen...It would be absolutely impossible for any one to behave with more perfect propriety than she did." Blessed with a desire to please and a willingness to be pleased, Dolley made her home the center of society when Madison began, in 1801, his eight years as Jefferson's Secretary of State. She assisted at the White House when the President asked her help in receiving ladies, and presided at the first inaugural ball in Washington when her husband became Chief Executive in 1809. Dolley's social graces made her famous. Her political acumen, prized by her husband, is less renowned, though her gracious tact smoothed many a quarrel. Hostile statesmen, difficult envoys from Spain or Tunisia, warrior chiefs from the west, flustered youngstersshe always welcomed everyone. Forced to flee from the White House by a British army during the War of 1812, she returned to find the mansion in ruins. Undaunted by temporary quarters, she entertained as skillfully as ever. At their plantation Montpelier in Virginia, the Madisons lived in pleasant retirement until he died in 1836. She ret... Free Essays on Dolley Madison Free Essays on Dolley Madison By this time Philadelphia had become the capital city. With her charm and her laughing blue eyes, fair skin, and black curls, the young widow attracted distinguished attention. Before long Dolley was reporting to her best friend that "the great little Madison has asked...to see me this evening." Although Representative James Madison of Virginia was 17 years her senior, and Episcopalian in background, they were married in September 1794. The marriage, though childless, was notably happy; "our hearts understand each other," she assured him. He could even be patient with Dolley's son, Payne, who mishandled his own affairsand, eventually, mismanaged Madison's estate. Discarding the somber Quaker dress after her second marriage, Dolley chose the finest of fashions. Margaret Bayard Smith, chronicler of early Washington social life, wrote: "She looked a Queen...It would be absolutely impossible for any one to behave with more perfect propriety than she did." Blessed with a desire to please and a willingness to be pleased, Dolley made her home the center of society when Madison began, in 1801, his eight years as Jefferson's Secretary of State. She assisted at the White House when the President asked her help in receiving ladies, and presided at the first inaugural ball in Washington when her husband became Chief Executive in 1809. Dolley's social graces made her famous. Her political acumen, prized by her husband, is less renowned, though her gracious tact smoothed many a quarrel. Hostile statesmen, difficult envoys from Spain or Tunisia, warrior chiefs from the west, flustered youngstersshe always welcomed everyone. Forced to flee from the White House by a British army during the War of 1812, she returned to find the mansion in ruins. Undaunted by temporary quarters, she entertained as skillfully as ever. At their plantation Montpelier in Virginia, the Madisons lived in pleasant retirement until he died in 1836. She ret...

5 Simple Exercises for Truck Drivers

5 Simple Exercises for Truck Drivers Forget traffic jams and treacherous road conditions- the real scourge of truck drivers everywhere is back pain! It can be more than a nuisance, it can be career ending! Yes, as a driver you’re going to spend lots of hours sitting behind the wheel. But that doesn’t mean you have to just sit   and wait for back pain to happen, and just accept it. TheHealthyTrucker.net has a plan to drive away back pain with five helpful exercises.1. Back bendsPlace your hands on your hips, behind your back. Then lean back and hold for 5–10 seconds; complete 5 reps. This will really help decompress your spine!2. Front bendsPlace your hands on your hips, behind your back. Then lean forward and hold for 5–10 seconds; complete 5 reps. This will help loosen up your hamstrings and increase leg circulation.3. Side bendsPut your hands to your sides; raise one hand and stretch it to the side for 5–10 seconds, as if you were trying to reach something. Then do it with the othe r hand; complete 5 reps. This will help lengthen your torso muscles and stretch your outer hip muscles.4.  Knees upFind a wall or use the side of your truck for this one. Place your hands apart, just outside of shoulder width, and bring each knee up, one at a time, turning it to the side and taking it across your body for 30–60 seconds. This will help loosen and strengthen your glutes and stretch your pelvis.5. Neck stretchPlace one hand to your side and stretch the other out 90 degrees, and then lean your head to the opposite side. Using your outstretched arm, try to reach out as far as you can and move your neck as far as you can the opposite way. Do this for 5–10 seconds and repeat with the other arm; complete 5 reps. This will help relieve tension in the shoulders and neck. Use these exercises to help put back pain in your rear view mirror- and keep it there for good!

How to become a good leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How to become a good leader - Essay Example A lot of researches have been done to understand the definition and essence of leadership, to identify the differences between the managers and the leaders. Management of organizational behavior defines leaders as the "Men and women who saw the need for action, believed in what they were doing, inspired others and, in spite of incredible odds, changed the world." (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 1). Many theories and meanings of leaders and leadership have been developed throughout the world. All these theories have not been providing with same results however they do agree on certain grounds. All the theories agree that a leader has a clear set of goals and is capable of setting examples. He is a person with strong beliefs and vision for the future. A leader bravely voices his opinions and takes actions on his beliefs and passions. Leadership is a quality or ability that a person possesses to influence and guide others. There are various theories that define and explain leadership. The major ones are the Trait theory, Behavioral theory, Contingency theory and the Transformational theory. The Traits theory identifies certain traits or behavior in a person. This theory believes that human are born with the traits of becoming a leader. The theory suggests that if a person posses the specified traits he is a leader. The Behavioral theory suggests that leaders have a specific behavior towards their followers and that makes them distinct from others. This theory specifies the style and the behavior of the leaders. The contingency theory acts as the critic of the above theories and specifies that the styles and the traits of the individuals can be different in different dynamic situations. This theory suggests that the leaders are defined by their activities and abilities. The characteristics or the behaviors cannot be defined or specified. The transformational theory stresses on the effective interaction of the leaders with their

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management - Assignment Example Especially employees’ developments and training along with management of the culture become important in the conditions of Bonduelle’s transformation from vertical structure of power to a matrix type of organizational structure, which supposes decentralized decision-making process and delegation of crucial responsibilities. Development of people and management of the culture help employees improve own professional skills, raise productivity and job effectiveness, gain promotions and self-realization, increase motivation and benefit business in general. It is essential for Bonduelle to follow the formula of successful HR management, which states that a mix of knowledge creation and innovations encourage competitive advantage. It is recommended to provide trainings, round tables, support network and available reading materials so that each employee may improve own knowledge and skills to contribute the entire organization.Question 10Rapidly developing globalization, incre ase of demographics, emancipation and widening of women's role in professional sphere, appreciation of ethnicity, culture and traditions, liberalization of society and legally democratic treatment to employees have given birth to such notion as "diversity", which is still a great challenge in Bonduelle's organizational structure. Despite the fact that one fourth part of entire managerial staff consists of foreigners, the executive board still stays homogenous being represented mostly by French males.

James Madison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

James Madison - Essay Example Madison firmly believed in the strong unification of the country. Origin The fourth President of United States, James Madison (16th March, 1751- 28th June, 1886) made a massive contribution towards building the foundation of the nation. This great leader was born at Belle Grove Plantation situated near Port Conway, Virginia. His father, James Madison Senior was the largest landowner (with 5000 acres of land) and a leading citizen of the Orange Country. His mother, Nelly Conway Madison was the daughter of a prominent planter 2 and tobacco merchant. Thus, Madison was born in quite a prosperous family and as the oldest of 12 children was given suitable education at each step of his life. Both his parents had a considerable influence on him and his career. James Madison attended Princeton College (previously named College of New Jersey) and graduated in 1771. On 15th September, 1794, James married a widow, Dolley Payne Todd (20th May, 1768) and adopted her son, John Payne Todd. Dolley wa s the sister of Lucy Payne who married one of President Washington’s nephews, George Steptoe Washington. Dolley was expelled from the Society of Friends for marrying a non-Quaker. Ratification of Constitution Madison greatly contributed towards the ratification of Constitution by writing several Federal essays along with John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. Madison had extensively studied the ancient and modern confederacies and he understood that the republic would perish if it did not have a strong central government. He contributed twenty nine out of eighty five articles that were published in various newspapers. At 1787 Constitutional Convention, Madison’s draft of Virginia Plan and his revolutionary three-branch federal system became the basis for the American Constitution of Today. Afterwards when addressed as the â€Å"Father of the 3 Constitution†, Madison deliberately played it down by saying that the document was not â€Å"the off-spring of a single brain †, but â€Å"the work of many heads and many hands.† Political Views James was very much a liberal politically. He believed that as the governments were formed after a formal election and by popular choice of people, hence if that government failed and became oppressive then people should have the full right to cause a revolt and overthrow that government. James respected privatization in the form of properties and religious liberties. James Madison had helped to write the Federalists Papers. According to him, the national government should be empowered to act directly on persons while safeguarding the integrity of the State Sovereignty. Hence, this also makes him Federalist in a political way. James was a republic too. His life was devoted to the cause of self government. Dislike of Slavery James Madison regarded slavery as a form of cruelty where one person was treated as a property of another individual and traded in the same way as human does. In a letter to Robert J. Evans, Madison writes, â€Å"[I]f slavery, as a national evil, is to be abolished, and it be just that it be done at the national expense, the amount of the expense is not a paramount consideration.† 4 James Madison appealed to the public to abolish slavery and to treat the slaves as human beings and not merely as property. Favored Congress Over State Legislature James Madison favored the Congress over the

History of Management in Criminal Justice Agencies Essay

History of Management in Criminal Justice Agencies - Essay Example e way the United States criminal justice system has been managed over the past few decades, with former English customs and laws playing a significant role in influencing the contemporary system (Randolph, 2005). The criminal justice system includes parole and probation officers, correction officers, court officers, investigators and line officers. In the early days of the English law enforcement instituted by Alfred the Great, police forces were formed by loyal families who patrolled their regions. They appointed their own leaders, known as reeves, to oversee and coordinate the wider alliances (Friedman, 1993). The reeves later came to be known as sheriffs. To ensure the loyalty of the sheriffs, the power of appointing them was taken over by William the conqueror when he came into power. In the early 18th century, the system established by William the conqueror was borrowed by Philadelphia, Boston and New York with each having 10 official patrol areas (Randolph, 2005). The 19th cent ury industrialization and population growth brought about the need for police departments in municipals. Although New York and Philadelphia had 24 hour police force in service by 1830, some counties still operate under the sheriff system today. The difference is that the sheriffs are not appointed through local governments, but rather elected by citizens. Today, managers within the criminal justice system are knowledgeable in security, police and disaster management fields. Within the judiciary, before the revolution, American courts followed laws that Great Britain had handed down to them. However, the settlers and colonists later rejected the English laws because they did not grant them equal rights as Englishmen under The Great Charter of the Liberties of England (Friedman, 1993). They rejected attempts to be governed by the English Parliament from overseas yet they were not accorded representation. The subsequent rebellion ended in the American Revolution. With the adoption of the

Strengths and Weaknesses in Terms of Power One May Hold as the Manager Essay

Strengths and Weaknesses in Terms of Power One May Hold as the Manager - Essay Example Coercive power exploits the fear element of subordinates to get them to do the bidding of the manager; this includes threats of demotion, loss of jobs or projects and poor performance reviews. The only way a manager gets this power is through threatening others with the consequences of failing to perform their obligations to the system or orders of their boss to the required standards. The major strength of this form of power is that a manager can get things done regardless of employee attitudes, which is indispensable for tasks that are not appealing or too demanding in terms of time, energy and other resources. Moreover, it is crucial especially when employees have not been used to doing a certain task, and forcing them to do it acts as a way of achieving results before they are motivated enough to work without much coercion. On the contrary, this form of power causes loss of interest in the job due to lack of positive motivating factors in the job; employees do just the bare minim um to avoid the consequences of not doing so. This results in poor service delivery and high employee turnover; the former may result in loss of customers due to loss of competitive edge, while the latter reduces profitability due to the high costs of increased rate of employee turnover (Singh, 2009: 377). Reward power is the opposite of coercive power and is a form of positive motivation, whereby a manager fulfils the basic needs of employees and gives them a chance to fulfil their higher needs in their daily work. For instance, a manager may reward employee compliance with salary raises, bonuses, time offs, praise, recognition and other employee wishes; a practise that motivates employees to do more of the actions or behaviours for which they were rewarded. The main advantage of this form of power is that it uses the employees’ needs according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to keep them motivated, and objectives of the organisation are met in line with those of employees. Moreover, it creates a healthy relationship between the manager and subordinates, which increased the optimal performance of the latter in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. The main disadvantage of this form of power is that employee performance is negatively affected by change in management, as it is dependent on the motivation offered by the manager. In addition, as the manager motivates the employees, they become accustomed being rewarded and with time feel that they deserve the rewards they get; this p rofoundly affects their performance especially if there

History of Management in Criminal Justice Agencies Essay

History of Management in Criminal Justice Agencies - Essay Example e way the United States criminal justice system has been managed over the past few decades, with former English customs and laws playing a significant role in influencing the contemporary system (Randolph, 2005). The criminal justice system includes parole and probation officers, correction officers, court officers, investigators and line officers. In the early days of the English law enforcement instituted by Alfred the Great, police forces were formed by loyal families who patrolled their regions. They appointed their own leaders, known as reeves, to oversee and coordinate the wider alliances (Friedman, 1993). The reeves later came to be known as sheriffs. To ensure the loyalty of the sheriffs, the power of appointing them was taken over by William the conqueror when he came into power. In the early 18th century, the system established by William the conqueror was borrowed by Philadelphia, Boston and New York with each having 10 official patrol areas (Randolph, 2005). The 19th cent ury industrialization and population growth brought about the need for police departments in municipals. Although New York and Philadelphia had 24 hour police force in service by 1830, some counties still operate under the sheriff system today. The difference is that the sheriffs are not appointed through local governments, but rather elected by citizens. Today, managers within the criminal justice system are knowledgeable in security, police and disaster management fields. Within the judiciary, before the revolution, American courts followed laws that Great Britain had handed down to them. However, the settlers and colonists later rejected the English laws because they did not grant them equal rights as Englishmen under The Great Charter of the Liberties of England (Friedman, 1993). They rejected attempts to be governed by the English Parliament from overseas yet they were not accorded representation. The subsequent rebellion ended in the American Revolution. With the adoption of the

Meeting to Improve Production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Meeting to Improve Production - Essay Example Within the workplace, several examples of basic needs are rest periods, lunch breaks, and wages. Safety needs in the workplace can include job security, seniority, pensions, and medical and life insurance. A person must feel safe and be granted a freedom from fear. Only then can they continue to excel. Social needs are defined as the need for love, affection, and a sense of belonging in one’s relationships with other persons. Workplace examples of these needs include work groups, teamwork, and company outings. Friendships are beneficial to humans at home and in the workplace, but some employers do not realize the importance of this association. Research has shown that promoting social interaction among employees will increase morale and productivity. Self esteem needs are defined as the need for the esteem of others; respect, prestige, recognition, and personal sense of competence. Humans are egocentric, and everyone likes to be praised. A worker appreciates recognition for a job well done. This recognition will motivate them to continue working hard for the company. If the praise is lacking, the worker will begin to understand that doing quality work is unnecessary. The praise need merely be a few words of gratitude in the presence of their peers.The last level of Maslow’s hierarchy, the pinnacle of achievement, is self-actualization. This represents a lofty goal for an individual; the need to fulfill oneself; to grow and use one’s abilities to the fullest and most creative extent. The concept offers a variety of interpretations, because it differs with each person.

Ethnic Notions Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Notions Essay Ethnic Notions is a documentary directed by Marlon Riggs. The title itself explains what the movie is about-impressions of race. Throughout the documentary, Riggs presents the history of stereotypes and shows how they still exist. In today’s society we have become so accustomed with stereotypes that they are considered normal. The movie Ethnic Notations introduces the problem of stereotypes by explaining their origin and history, giving examples, and showing how they still exist today, so that we are no longer fooled and unaware of stereotyping and racism. During the early and mid 1900’s black people were depicted on television and media as ignorant, ugly, violent and inferior to white people. These negative, degrading and horrible images of black people over time shaped people’s views and thoughts about black people and this was how stereotypes were created. Media used caricatures which are exaggerated representations of people to get racist views across to white and black American people. One example of a caricature is The Sambo. The Sambo was a caricature created to depict the black male as being lazy, child like ignorant and care-free making the black male seem more like a child than a male. Another example of a racist caricature is pickaninnies which are black children. Pickaninnies were depicted as ugly kids with rough wooly hair, big eyes, dark black skin, big mouths and bright red lips. Pickaninnies often resembled animals in children cartoons and were viewed as savage by white people. One of the most popular caricatures of the 1900’s is the mammie caricature. The Mammie was an older black woman who took care of the white man’s family. Mammies were shoed as loving mother figures who were fat black and unattractive. Mammies were created to show that some blacks were happy as slaves and loved black people. These stereotypes were disturbing, degrading and in most cases poor representations of black people. It saddens me how whites could think so low of black people or any other human being at all. Sadly stereotypes still exist today in television, media and society. One stereotype I feel definitely still exist today ids the Sambo stereotype although there are great black actors that play dramatic roles most black men in the media are still shown as being careless and immature. However not all stereotypes today are exactly the same as the caricatures from the 20th century but a new modern version. For example instead of black women being depicted as unattractive mammies on television, they are now ghetto loud and un-lady like. Sometimes I even find myself acting out a stereotype, like being loud or cursing in public. After watching Ethnic Notions I feel like stereotypes are too deeply rooted in Americas culture to ever be completely gone. Although this conclusion is unfortunate I do believe that we could make people believe in stereotypes less and less through media, by depicting blacks in a more positive light.

Evidence based practice and the reflective practice

Evidence based practice and the reflective practice From my point of view, I believe that the two main sorts of research evidence that could inform educational practices are the evidence based practice and the reflective practice. I still have on my mind the words of Ravitch, I am deeply grateful that my treatment was based on medical research and not education research. Otherwise, I would not be here to tell my tale (Ravitch, 1998, p.33) and her insistence from her experience that educators have something to learn from physicians as she was also educators. The evidence based practice was first introduced on medical research as evidence-based medicine. Their main source was the development of a particular kind of medical research the randomised controlled trial (RCT) which was designed as a way to assess the value of new drugs in order to check the claims of their manufacturers (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.18). However, there is a movement in the late 1990s, in several countries and also in the UK, for both educational practice and educational policy to become more evidence-based-or at least evidence-informed (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.15). From my own experience of teaching prof essional practice has always been informed by evidence. What we teach on the class is based on evidence. It is a fact that reliance on a body of scientific knowledge has been treated as a defining feature of any profession, and has figured largely in the attempts by many occupations to gain this status. Looking back, in the beginning of the twentieth century it was taken to be one of the traits that marked professions off from other occupations (Flexner, 1915). The movement for evidence-based practice does not repeat the ideas of the definition of a profession, it does involve distinctive requirements. It proposes that practice should be guided much more directly by research evidence than previously. Furthermore, education as a profession, or a collection of professions, has always been a complex and contested one. It is well known that, in most countries, schoolteachers have never gained any autonomy and power achieved by other professions such as lawyers and doctors. In addition, the main body of knowledge on which their practice was supposed to be based was very often subject knowledge. Thus, in recent decades, in the UK and some other societies, a weak grasp of subject knowledge on the part of primary-school teachers, especially in the areas of science and mathematics, has been held responsible for what has been identified as poor levels of educational performance (Traianou, 2007, p.11). In contrast to this, research knowledge has been shaping the educational practice well before the evidence-based practice began. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, the two famous educational researchers have worked a few decades ago and their ideas have been generated diverse recommendations for educational practice. It is obvious since Piagets name often has been invoked by advocates of discovery learning and progressive education two approaches that strongly emphasise the autonomy of the learner. Furthermore, his work also highlights the important role that cognitive structures play in childrens learning, and, more generally, that what learners learn will depend on where they are starting from (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.18). At this point, it is also important to mention that Vygotsky drew on Piagets work, and they both believed that learners should actively construct their understanding of the world. They both denied that learning is a passive response to external stimuli but it has implications well beyond the contex t of childrens learning. Indeed, it carries an important message about all forms of education. In addition, Hargreaves literally mentions Teaching is not at present research-based profession and he continues I have no doubt that if it were, teaching would be more effective and more satisfying (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.3). The medical profession has gained a lot of prestige lately due to the growth of its research which mainly is based on evidence based practice. In contrast, the teaching profession did not take such a step. Very rarely, teachers would look on other professional fields to examine and learn from their structure (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.4). As a teacher, I certainly understand that even though we heavily rely on what we learn from our own experiences which are private trials which might be right or wrong. In contrast, in the evidence based medicine process they convert the information needs into answerable questions, track down with the maximum efficiency the best evidence with which to answer, critically appraise that evidence for its validity and usefulness, apply the results and evaluate performance (Hargreaves, in Hammersley, 2009, p.13). Reflective practice can be traced way back before the twentieth century, while much of what is involved in the notion, for example the idea of phronesis outlined by Aristotle. However, the statement by Schà ¶n that In recent years there has been a growing perception that researchers, who are supposed to feed the professional schools with useful knowledge, have less and less to say that practitioners find useful(Schà ¶n, 1987, p. 10) does really disturb a lot since the reflective practice was happened a long before and has not just developed. Furthermore, Schà ¶n stated that it is modified by reflection-in-action (the ability to think about what one is doing while doing it) and reflection-on-action (the capacity to reflect after the event on what has happened and on its implications for ones practice) (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.41). Developing these abilities, these forms of reflection that professional skill and wisdom can be built up in the course of experience, an d these capacities are important because real-world problems do not usually present themselves in ways that would match the technical knowledge produced by research. The notion of reflective practice has been under different names in the early 1970s, came to the fore in the 1980s through the works of Schà ¶n, Valli and Elliott. This notion places as much emphasis on teachers own evaluation of their practices as on the planning and management skills into which such evaluation feeds( Moore, in Hammersley, 2009, p.122). One of the recent recommended techniques in the reflective practitioner discourse is the developing of teachers own diary or journal that can systematically reflect. With this method, teachers can improve themselves and develop their own valid teaching method. As usual, the introduction of new ideas was accepted by less experienced teachers rather than more experienced ones. As Mitchell and Weber (1996) stated experience teachers suggest that they are just likely to cause concern, confusion and misguided behaviour through their over-personalization of teaching activity (Mitchell and Weber, 1996, p.34). Up to this point, I have described the two main sorts of research evidence that could inform educational practice. Furthermore, I will mention differences and significant similarities. Hargreaves and others who have concerned how research serves evidence based practice are not simply putting forward a particular view of the relationship between research and practice. It is clear that they think educational research needs to change in character, although neither Ravitch nor Hargreaves insists that it must take the form of randomised controlled trials (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.26). However, from the point of view of advocating evidence-based practice, the practices of professionals are based on knowledge that must be eliminated in favour of procedures determined by sound, scientifically validated research evidence. In contrast, Schà ¶ns perspective, those traditional practices are seen as skilful and principled strategies that cannot be bettered by the substitution of research based knowledge; rather, they can only be improved by further reflection in and on professional practice (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.41). In addition, Moore sugge sts that, the reflective practitioner discourse was not influential in official circles during his times. He insists that there are connections between each model and particular approaches to educational research. In a sense, the competences discourse has an affinity with quantitative method, and the reflective practitioner model with qualitative method (Moore, in Hammersley, 2009, p.127). In my opinion, I believe that there could be another similarity due to the fact that both are considered to be unrepresentative. It cant be presumed that all subjects taking part in RCT trials are representative of the people who will eventually be taking the drug or treatment and the data that a teacher personally gathers from his/her own classroom conditions cannot be presumed to apply to all conditions. Both of them have the same goals which are to enrich the corpus of knowledgeand to inform educational practice. Also, they both rely on philosophical grounds positivist one and interpretivist (E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, p.79). On the other, it cannot be presumed that all subjects taking part in RCT trials are representative of the people who will eventually be taking the drug or treatment and the data that a teacher personally gathers from his/her own classroom conditions cannot be presumed to apply to all conditions. Nevertheless, it seems to me that they share a lot o f points in common, such as theirposition with theory, which they dont question as both tend to look at teaching strategies rather than the sense of teaching and what is taught. To sum up, I would not disagree that RCTs provide measurable outcomes, and the reflective discourse emphasises the practitioners experience, this doesnt mean that it ignores the skills and techniques needed but that it tries to look at the wider picture. so if their spectrum of research and practice is limited what part does critical theory of research play as I see it to be connected to reflective practice. The Cyprus educational system unfortunately has been very weak as far as the new teachers are concerned, especially the ones that teach in secondary and high schools. A lot of them enter the teaching classrooms without any educational experience apart from the fact that they are graduates of universities. The same fact has happened to me also. Suddenly, I found myself from the hotel industry to teach in the school hotel labs and classrooms. From that day on I had to find a way of how I could become more effective within the classroom and be more efficient with my students. Having studied part one of the study guide for the course I am more confident to explain which methods I use during my teaching courses. However, I remember that I always mention to my colleagues that the teaching plans I have, are never stable. Every time I conclude with the lessons, I keep change them. I used to judge myself (reflective) what went right and what needed a change and I was doing it. Without realisi ng, I was using the reflective method and in a sense I was improving myself. However, as a teacher in a technical and vocational school, I spend most of my teaching hours in the lab rather than in the normal classrooms. From what I have studied up to now, I find myself that I used both educational methods of teaching, i.e. evidence based practice and reflective methods, not only for improving my teaching methods but also for the benefits of my students. The evidence-based practice, I use it a lot when I teach Food technology, Wine making or Food and Drink cost course. In all these courses the results from previous statistics which can be found through research are very useful not only for the teacher but for the students also. For instance, in order to produce good quality wine the evidence shows that there are certain parameters which are very essential such as the % of the sugar on the grapes, or how many days they should stay for fermentation, and e.t.c. This is happening with all the above mentioned courses and believe me students understand better when I use evidence-based practice because I can claim that throughout the years the research experience on developing the course has never been wrong. On the other hand, reflective practice is mostly used in the labs. Since a lot of the students work is done within the lab with practice on the lab exercises. I usually teach cooking and baking. All the other vocational teachers as well as I, were using reflective practice even though we could not understand that we were using it. What do we usually do? We explain to our students how things should be prepared, cooked and be ready to be served. As a teacher, I know from the beginning how the final product should be since I have worked through the reflective practice many times. I explain to the students the process and the directions needed to be followed and I guide them throughout the lesson. A single mistake or a small misunderstanding from the students, results are off truck. This can happen not only with cooking and baking but also with carpentry, electricians and any other specialization existing in the technical and vocational schools. References E891 Educational Enquiry, Study Guide, (2007), The Open University Flexner, A. (1915) Is social work a profession?, paper presented at the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections at the Fortysecond Annual Session held in Baltimore, Maryland, May 12-19, Chicago, Hildmann. Hargreaves, D. (2007) Teaching as a research-based profession: possibilities and prospects (The Teacher Training Agency Lecture 1996) in Educational Research and Evidence-based Practice By in Hammersley, M, 2009, Sage Publication, London. Mitchell, C. and Weber, S. (1996) Reinventing Ourselves as Teachers: Private and Social Acts of Memory an Imagination, London: Falmer Press. Moore, A. (2007) Beyond reflection: contingency, idiosyncrasy and reflexivity in initial teacher education in Educational Research and Evidence-based Practice By in Hammersley, M, 2009, Sage Publication, London. Ravitch, D. (1998) What if research really mattered?, Education Week, 16 December, vol. 18, no. 16, p. 33. Schà ¶n, D. (1987) Educating the Reflective Practitioner, San Francisco, Jossey Bass. Traianou, A. (2007) Understanding Teacher Expertise in Primary Science: A Sociocultural Approach, Rotterdam, Sense Publishers.

The Definition of Happiness :: Happiness Essays

  According to Webster dictionary the word Happiness in defined as Enjoying, showing, or marked by pleasure, satisfaction, or joy. People when they think of happiness, they think about having to good feeling inside. There are many types of happiness, which are expressed in many ways. Happiness is something that you can't just get it comes form your soul. Happiness is can be changed through many things that happen in our every day live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Happiness according scientific studies happiness comes from dopamine taking chemicals around the brain, which is a transmitter in the brain that controls the nervous system. These chemicals in the brain make us happy and sad. Happiness means different things to different people, so say Happiness comes from peace and other happiness comes from your expectations from being fulfilled. Happiness is like being sad or angry, it?s an emotion. Some people can get happiness from the simplest things such as reading your favorite book; other people are more complicated they see happiness as some thing that doesn?t really happen to them, but that?s not true because very person is different some people are happy all the time or at least most of the time, while some people say that there not happy are really just happy for a short period of time, weather it means just laughing at a joke, your happy for that couple of seconds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People show there happiness in many ways, some people smile and there face just glows in pleasure and enjoyment, while others just don?t show there happy emotions physically they keep that feeling inside themselves. Even dogs have a way of showing there happiness, they show it by shaking there tail. One of the main reasons there are so many unhappy people in our society is because many have never taken the time to discover what it is that makes them happy. Chances are if you were to ask someone else what would make them happy you'd get a list of the same thing I mentioned above. The truth is, most people have a difficult time stating exactly what would make them happy for the simple reason they've never really thought about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I personally believe that real happiness not the 3 second happiness that fades away, it has anything to do with our possessions, our environment, or even our health; it comes from being happy with your life and expecting who you are and what you have in life.

Recommend and Justify a Marketing Strategy That Andy Might Use to Increase Sales at Ahc Essay

Recommend and justify a marketing strategy that Andy might use to increase sales at AHC AHC is a health club known for its excellent health facilities which benefit their members with a wide range of exercises as well as facilities such as their cafe and beauty salon. However, the owner, Andy has come to realise that if his business ever were to expand, it couldn’t satisfy everyone and cater to each individual’s needs. AHC has many opportunities for further development and becoming an even more established health club with a wider target market but its competitors (other health clubs) pose as a threat towards them in pricing and facilities. AHC’s main objective is to increase their sales and to do that, they will need to consider each of the four functional areas within the marketing mix, and along with that, they may also need to conduct extensive market research to ensure that their aim to gain revenue is met. First of all, AHC will have to look at the services they provide to members of the health club as well as potential new consumers, to see how well the business is performing and whether the services the business offers satisfy consumers. Also by doing this, AHC will be able to use market segmentation, which will divide consumers into groups so that a better customer base is established and more customers can be gained. Also , when looking at the services they provide, AHC may need to think about their products and how they differentiate from their competitors, for example, AHC may want to consider their option C which involved building more squash courts or a larger fitness studio. By increasing their services, AHC will attract more members of the public and gain more sales from members who will want to use the additional services provided. AHC could also look into the pricing of their products. Andy is currently considering other pricing approaches such as price discrimination which can enable higher prices at more demanding times of the day, depending on consumer demand. This could also attract more consumers who will want to use the services at the health club more at off-peak times due to cheaper prices. This can ensure that at ‘peak’ times of the day, AHC will be making more revenue, but there may also be an increase during ‘off peak’ times. AHC must also make sure that because of the higher prices, they don’t face a loss of consumers if they do decide to use price discrimination. Option A displays such pricing in which additional charges may be given, however if AHC wishes to maintain its customer base, as well as attract more while prices are being raised, they may need to offer consumers extra services, discounts or deals such as ‘ 3 Pilates classes for the price of 2’ for women which will help maintain good relationships and loyalty with members in the long term. AHC have limited amounts of promotion for its business and currently only rely on its website as well as word of mouth which could realistically only attract a certain number of consumers however if Andy wishes to expand or even increase the number of sales, alternative methods of advertising should be taken into account, for example, below the line promotion such as posters, local radio advertisements, local newspapers and magazines to make people aware of the business, and this way, AHC can widen their market. Andy knows that some facilities offered only target specific people, e.g. the beauty salon is aimed at mostly female members so instead of advertising within the mass market, he could implement personal selling to allow customers to receive personal and individual attention from the business. Also, as Andy sees increased competition as a threat, advertising on a larger scale within the local area can help to increase the number of consumers which can help the increase in sale s because even though it is a competitive market, promoting the business can impact a lot and possibly attract consumers from similar businesses due to prices and services offered. In AHC’s current business position, they do not have the necessary capital to expand as it can only just about afford one of the facilities in option C, but if in the long term, the business will be able to build extra facilities for the health club or maybe open up another health club in a neighbouring area. Andy should continue to run his business and put into practice ways to help the business grow. AHC can definitely do this by differentiating the services they provide because it will maintain customer loyalty and help gain more consumers because of the new services which make them different to every other health club in the Midlands. Also, they could adapt new pricing strategies to see what kind of price consumers are willing to pay, whether high or low depending on how many sales are made. An increase in promotion could also benefit the business very well as it can help aid consumers through awareness of the health club, adding to a more well- rounded reputation. It would be ideal to carry out further research on the aspects of the marketing mix, and produce short term tactical objectives in which they can achieve and in the long run, can end with the business being able to achieve an increase in sales.

The Step to a Civil Society as Mandatory Education

A civil society is one in which its citizens all get along and are happy with their situations. Just about everyone has a job and knows their place in the society. There are three ways to assure this. They are make education mandatory, upon school graduation give everyone a job even if it is menial and make everyone equal, no social classes. This can only be achieved when a new society is being started. The first step to a civil society is mandatory education. This is important because without education the members of the society would be ignorant. In school these people will be taught the basics – reading, math and how to write along with training for their future jobs. These jobs will be chosen by the age of 15 when every person is considered an adult. The second step is upon graduation putting these people in the jobs chosen for them by the school teachers. Each job will be considered equal. For example a doctor is equal to a trash collector. This way no one will feel inferior to anyone and everyone will understand how important they are to the society. These people will not be paid for their jobs. Instead they will obtain things, like food, depending on how hard they work. The harder they work, the more food they receive. The last step is to make everyone equal. This way no one can object to the way things are run. Also there won't be any slaves or servants and there won't be social classes because everyone will be getting paid the same. With these three steps any new society can become a civil society.It just takes the dedication of its people to get the job done.

Manipur Reasearch paper Essay

INTRODUCTION Manipur is situated on the North-eastern part of India, and is a part of the seven sister states .Manipur is one of the seven states of Northeast India. The state is bound by Nagaland in the north, by Mizoram in the south, by Assam in the west, and by the borders of the country Burma in the east as well as in the south. The state capital of Manipur is Imphal. The state lies at latitude of 23 °83’N – 25 °68’N and longitude of 93 °03’E – 94 °78’E. The total area covered by the state is 22,347 km ². The capital lies in an oval-shaped valley of approximately 700 square miles (2,000 km2) surrounded by blue mountains and is at an elevation of 790 metres above the sea level. The slope of the valley is from north to south. There are four major river basins in Manipur State, the Barak River Basin (Barak Valley) to the west, the Manipur River Basin in central Manipur, the Yu River Basin in the east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north. The total water resources of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1.8487 Mham. The overall water balance of the state amounts to 0.7236 The Barak river, the largest river of Manipur, originates in the Manipur Hills and is joined by a number of tributaries such as the Irang, Maku, and Tuivai. The Manipur river basin has eight major rivers: the Manipur, Imphal, Iril, Nambul, Sekmai, thchakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from the surrounding hills. These rivers are corrosive in nature and assume turbulent form in the rainy season. Flora and Fauna:- Manipur has a good flora and fauna and is among the most scenic states of India. Blessed with an amazing varieties of flora and fauna ,the hills covered by forests constituting 67% of the geographical area of Manipur, hold the tourist spell bound. Nong_in is the state bird of Manipur .The most unique animal is Sangai-the brow antlered and vegetation on the Loktak Lake sustains small herds of this endemic and threatened cervid in the world. Manipur has two major divisions Imphal and Churachandpur . Imphal is a large city compared to other cities in Manipur. Imphal has a good tourism potential with scenic rivers flowing through its terrain. The tourism department is making efforts to make Imphal exciting and bring in tourists  from across the country. Shopping centres are slowly making their way into Imphal. Imphal is also developing on the economic front, with entrepreneurs trying to tap the business potential in Imphal. The Loktak Lake is a popular floating lake in Imphal, where people come in large numbers to relax on comfortable boat houses. Tourists are bound to be fascinated by the calmness which surrounds the lake, and is a preferred destination for tourists requiring break from their hectic schedule. Churachandpur is another better developed city in Manipur, only second to Imphal.. The town of Churachandpur remains unexploited by tourists, because of the rugged terrain. The town attracted many investors during the late nineteenth century. Tourism in the town hasn’t developed to its potential. A lot of scenic and beautiful locations remain inaccessible, which is a cause of concern for the authorities. Tourists need not be disappointed because these sites are opening up and provide a lot of opportunities for tourists. The great tourist discovery:- The wondrously little Shangrila and â€Å"a jewelled land† Manipur is a veritable paradise on earth where mother nature has been extra generous in her bounty. Manipur promises to be the great tourist discovery of the 21st century. With an oval shaped valley surrounded by blue green hills ,rich in arts and tradition it has inspired description such as the â€Å"Switzerland of the East’ with tripping rivers ,carpets of flowers ,exotic blooms and lazy lakes. The people and the tribes of Manipur includes Meities ,Nagas and kukis ,chin-Mizo groups and other colourful communities which have lived in complete harmony for centuries. Cultures and traditions: Manipur is a state which has different culture, when compared to the other parts of India. The people here speak Manipuri and are very warm and friendly towards tourists. Manipur is a mosaic of traditions and cultural patterns .In the field of art and culture.The state is best represented by its classical and folkdance forms. A spring festival ,the â€Å"Lai Horaoba† held in April/May is symbolised by a traditional, stylised and ritualistic dance performed for peace and prosperity. Theatre and society in Manipur are  intimately linked, as in many parts of the world. Manipuris are a culturally enthusiastic people. Cultural spirit has never been allowed to be blown out despite the area’s remoteness from the outside world. This is why it still thrives in the Manipur valley. Major tourists attractions:- The major tourist attractions in the State, amongst others, are fascinating lakes, breath taking green hills and landscapes, historic monuments. Apart from the above mention tourists attractions of Manipur. The shree shree Govindajee Temple near the old Palace of the Maharaja of Manipur attracts large numbers of pilgrimage tourists. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To find out how the natural beauty of Manipur could become a major attraction for the tourists. To identify and explore the art and culture of Manipur as an attraction for the tourists. To study the present status of tourism in Manipur. To find out how tourism can be developed in Manipur. To identify the obstacles in tourism development. To propose a plan to develop and improve tourism infrastructure in the state, along with a marketing strategy. PRIMARY DATA 1. I will be collecting information through a questionnaire. 2. Name of the tourist:- Sex:- (a) Male ( ), (b) Female ( ). 3. From which part of India do you belong ? a) North ( ), b) South ( ) c) East ( ), d) West ( ) 4. Whether he/she is coming for the first time, (a) Yes( ), (b) No( ) 5. Why you have chosen Manipur? (a) Natural beauty ( ), (b) Adventures ( ), (c) cultural heritage( ) & (d) Others ( ). 6. What mode of transport did you use to reach Manipur? Surface transport:- (a) Railway ( ), (b) Bus ( ) Air transport:- (a) Aeroplane ( ) 7. How long did you stay in Manipur? (a) 3 Days ( ), (b) 1 Weeks ( ), (c) 1 Month ( ). 8. How do you feel or think about the local peoples of Manipur (a) Friendly ( ), (b) Hostile ( ), (c) Indifferent ( ). 9. Would you like to pay repeat visit to Manipur? (a) Yes ( ), (b) No ( ) 10. How was the taste of the food you had in Manipur? (a) Excellent ( ) , (b) Good ( ), (c) Poor ( ). 11. Are you satisfied with your visit to Manipur? (a) Yes ( ), (b) No ( ). 12. In your opinion what steps should be taken up to attract the tourists in visiting Manipur. a) Improvement of infrastructure b) Better publicity and marketing of Manipur tourism c) safety and security of the tourists. SECONDARY DATA Secondary data collected were; reports, articles, publications, books and other documents and also websites. News paper Megazines Journals Books Analysis of data: Both primary and secondary data will be analyse and highlited on the project reports. Tentative chapterization Chapter – 1: Introduction Chapter- 2 : Natural heritage of Manipur Chapter- 3 : Cultural heritage and attractions of Manipur i: Various sites and destinations ii: Art & Crafts iii: Fairs & Festivals iv: Other culture activities Chapter- 4 : Present state or status of Manipur tourism Chapter- 5: Proposal plan or policy for tourism development in Manipur. i: Infrastructure ii: Promotion (attraction,activities area) iii: Strong tourism plan Chapter- 6 : Conclusion REFERENCES Northeast Today. Retrieved 25 Dec,2012 Manipur Tourism ,published by Tourism Department, Govt. of Manipur A Tourist paradise: E.Ishorjit singh,B.R publishing cororation,2005 Manipur past and present,naorem sanajaoba www.manipurtourism.nic.in www.Tourism_manipur www.Manipur_tourism_policy_2011

Aspects of Psychology - Disease Process, Classification, and Essay

Aspects of Psychology - Disease Process, Classification, and Reimbursement Methods (U3IP&DB) - Essay Example ?unit record system,’ that is, keep a ‘unit record’ for each patient, with all records of the patients successive hospitalizations in the patients unit file. The record itself is usually organized in either the ‘traditional’ or the clinical record, the patients chart, or simply the chart.† This is one way to keep information that is necessary to treat a patient together and organized, and it is highly comprehensive. The unit record systems keeps details in chronological order, saves times, ensures up-to-date information, avoids multiple entries, is economical, and saves space. One common way of recording data is to use the Bradma data writing system, and â€Å"The Bradma card made of plastic contains the patients name, record No., address, year of birth, telephone number etc.† (Ramanand, Chandran, and Badrinath, 1982, pg. 1). The records contain referral letters, ophthalmology records, the case sheets, special specific medical record forms, admission records, discharge summaries, progress notes, operative orders, anaesthesia records, retina drawings, and graphic sheets. The records are filed according to a serial filing system. They are coded according to ICD-9CM and indexed according to the patients’ alpha index, patients’ number index, diagnostic index, and operation index (Ramanand, Chandran, and Badrinath, 1982). Hospital, patient and medical records: FAQs. (2008). New Jersey Hospital Association. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from http://209.85.215.104/search?q=cache:OobispXxTRkJ:www.njha.com/librarysection/faq.aspx+%22unit+record+system%22+medical&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&gl=us Ramanand, B.C.; A. Chandran; and S.S. Badrinath. (1982). Medical records in specialty hospitals. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. Retrieved June 23, 2008, from http://www.ijo.in/article.asp?issn=0301-4738;year=1982;volume=30;issue=4;spage=363;epage=365;aulast=Bhat These types of records are organized according to information that has been documented, and are the